what is atmosphere

[/caption]What is the atmosphere? Other astronomical bodies such as sun, moon, Mercury, etc have known atmospheres. The term stellar atmosphere describes the outer region of a star and typically includes the portion above the opaque photosphere. Earth and Titan are known to have liquids at their surface and terrain on the planet suggests that Mars had liquid on its surface in the past. Moving upward from ground level, these layers are named the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. Unsurprisingly, diners at all levels reported that food was the most important factor in their decision to recommend a restaurant, but the atmosphere was a major consideration, at least for the upscale and luxury dining groups. ", "Hubble Probes Layer-cake Structure of Alien World's Atmosphere", Properties of atmospheric strata - The flight environment of the atmosphere. The troposphere begins at the surface and extends to between 7 km at the poles and 17 km at the equator, with some variation due to weather. For a biologist or paleontologist, the Earth's atmospheric composition is closely dependent on the appearance of the life and its evolution. Free oxygen did not exist until about 1.7 billion years ago and this can be seen with the development of the red beds and the end of the banded iron formations. The atmosphere is the blanket of gases which surrounds Earth. The atmosphere may just look like one vast blue thing above, but a lot happens up there. Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium. The current composition of the Earth's atmosphere is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms. The third atmosphere came into play when the planet began to stretch its legs, so to speak. The ozone layer high in the Earth’s atmosphere blocks much of this radiation from reaching the surface. Most meteors burn up in this zone of the atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude due to the diminishing mass of gas above. The thermosphere extends from 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 400 km and contains the ionosphere, a region where the atmosphere is ionized by incoming solar radiation. The low temperatures and higher gravity of the Solar System's giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune—allow them more readily to retain gases with low molecular masses. Wind picks up dust and other particles which, when they collide with the terrain, erode the relief and leave deposits (eolian processes). Essentially, the atmosphere is is a collection of gases that makes the Earth habitable. When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun, Pluto has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmosphere&oldid=991485324, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from April 2016, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017, Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 08:54. Often during spring and summer, weather patterns cause giant dust devils, kicking up the oxidized iron dust that covers its surface, giving Mars its signature red hue. Mars is a planet that shows climate change on a large scale. [4] The net effect, taking the most important escape processes into account, is that an intrinsic magnetic field does not protect a planet from atmospheric escape and that for some magnetizations the presence of a magnetic field works to increase the escape rate.[5]. Each of the layers has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity it is subject to is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. Stars with sufficiently low temperatures may have outer atmospheres with compound molecules. The presence oxygen began to appear apparently from being released by photosynthesizing algae. Surface gravity differs significantly among the planets. For such a model atmosphere, the pressure declines exponentially with increasing altitude. It is divided into five layers.Most of the weather and clouds are found in the first layer.. High above the planet, the atmosphere becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space. Very little of the red, orange and yellow light is affected by the air; however, much of the shorter wavelength light(blue) is absorbed by the gas molecules. It is thought that Venus and Mars may have lost much of their water when, after being photodissociated into hydrogen and oxygen by solar ultraviolet radiation, the hydrogen escaped. Its atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1,000 K, and is steadily escaping into space. The atmosphere is divided into 5 major zones. The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to thermal differences when convection becomes a more efficient transporter of heat than thermal radiation. Oxygen showed major ups and downs until reaching a steady state of more than 15%. The planet's atmospheres were then modified over time by various complex factors, resulting in quite different outcomes. For the scientific journal, see, Layer of gases surrounding an astronomical body held by gravity, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Earth's Atmosphere Composition: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon and CO2", "On Atmospheric Loss of Oxygen Ions from Earth Through Magnetospheric Processes", "Why an intrinsic magnetic field does not protect a planet against atmospheric escape", "Scientists Detected An Incoming Asteroid The Size Of A Car Last Week - Why That Matters To Us", "What Is The Atmosphere Like On Other Planets? While the atmosphere becomes thinner the higher you go, there is no clear line demarcating the atmosphere from space; however, the Karman line , at 100 km, is often regarded as the boundary between atmosphere and outer space. The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), argon (about 0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.03%) and other gases in trace amounts. Titan, a moon of Saturn, and Triton, a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of nitrogen. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies. Besides providing us with something to breathe, the atmosphere helps make life on Earth possible in several ways. It is only the thing that keeps you from being burned to death every day, helps to bring the rain that our plants need to survive, no to mention it holds the oxygen that you need to breath. During the day, it prevents a sudden increase in the temperature of the earth and prevents the heat to escape to the outer space during the night. The electrons literally excite the oxygen and nitrogen atoms high in the atmosphere to create the beautiful light show we know as an aurora. Join our 836 patrons! See more. The stratosphere, extending from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the mesosphere, contains the ozone layer. The Brief Overview. Other mechanisms that can cause atmosphere depletion are solar wind-induced sputtering, impact erosion, weathering, and sequestration—sometimes referred to as "freezing out"—into the regolith and polar caps. Atmospheric pressure at a particular location is the force per unit area perpendicular to a surface determined by the weight of the vertical column of atmosphere above that location. For Earth's atmosphere, see, "Atmospheric environment" redirects here. See no ads on this site, see our videos early, special bonus material, and much more. [3] Oxygen is used by most organisms for respiration; nitrogen is fixed by bacteria and lightning to produce ammonia used in the construction of nucleotides and amino acids; and carbon dioxide is used by plants, algae and cyanobacteria for photosynthesis. Definition of Atmosphere. The atmosphere is the air that plants and animals breathe to survive. There are lots of other gases that are part of the atmosphere, but in much smaller amounts. The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is absorbed. The lower level is called the homosphere. The temperature here can rise to 1,500 °C. The atmosphere is created by the earth’s magnetic field which emerges from the earth’s interior. Like the rest of the planet, the atmosphere of Saturn is made up approximately 75% hydrogen and 25% helium, with trace amounts of other substances like water ice … Atmosphere definition, the gaseous envelope surrounding the earth; the air: a weather balloon rising high into the atmosphere. These include argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, hydrogen, and more. The atmosphere protects us from this space junk that would do damage to us, to our homes, and to the earth itself. The stratosphere extends to about 51 km. It is held near the surface of the planet by Earth's gravitational attraction. The Earth's atmosphere is an extremely thin sheet of air extending from the surface of the Earth to the edge of space. This creates a gravity field that shapes the atmosphere. Since a collection of gas molecules may be moving at a wide range of velocities, there will always be some fast enough to produce a slow leakage of gas into space. The absorbed blue light is then radiated in every direction. The atmosphere is very thin compared to the size of the Earth. Earth's magnetic field helps to prevent this, as, normally, the solar wind would greatly enhance the escape of hydrogen. Astronomy Cast offers a good episode about atmospheres around the Universe. Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history. On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes. The mesosphere extends to about 85 km. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. The Earth is a sphere with a roughly 8000 mile diameter; the thickness of the atmosphere is about 60 miles. Conversely, studying the surface of the Earth leads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of other planets. It keeps the average temperature of the earth steady. This region consists of layers or shells of gases. [7], The composition of Earth's atmosphere is largely governed by the by-products of the life that it sustains. Here the particles are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of km without colliding with one another. Lighter molecules move faster than heavier ones with the same thermal kinetic energy, and so gases of low molecular weight are lost more rapidly than those of high molecular weight. Earth’s atmosphere has six layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, the ionosphere, and the exosphere. Earth's atmosphere has a series of layers, each with its own specific traits. The first exoplanet whose atmospheric composition was determined is HD 209458b, a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the constellation Pegasus. The Earth’s atmosphere performs a couple of cool optical tricks. The atmosphere of Earth is divided into several different layers. 75% of the atmospheric mass is within 11 km of the surface. From the perspective of a planetary geologist, the atmosphere acts to shape a planetary surface. The top of the mesosphere, ranges from 50 to 85 km, and is the layer wherein most meteors burn up. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface, absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation). The effects of reentry can be felt at 120 km. Without the atmosphere there could be no life on Earth. Plate tectonics began constantly rearranging the continents about 3.5 billion years ago and helped to shape long-term climate evolution by allowing the transfer of carbon dioxide to large land-based carbonate stores. Atmosphere's implementation has a total memory footprint roughly 0x28000 bytes smaller than Nintendo's. Thus, distant and cold Titan, Triton, and Pluto are able to retain their atmospheres despite their relatively low gravities. When meteoroids do impact, the effects are often erased by the action of wind. A planet's initial atmospheric composition is related to the chemistry and temperature of the local solar nebula during planetary formation and the subsequent escape of interior gases. An atmosphere (from Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmos), meaning 'vapour', and σφαῖρα (sphaira), meaning 'ball' or 'sphere'[1][2]) is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body. Atmosphere definition is - the gaseous envelope of a celestial body (such as a planet). The atmosphere consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% water vapor, and a minute amount of other … Auroras are caused by the bombardment of solar electrons on oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere. Based on the relative volumes of the gases in Earth’s atmosphere, nitrogen is actually more than 3 times more than oxygen. Over the vast history of Earth there have been three different atmospheres or one that has evolved in three major stages. Most meteoroids burn up as meteors before hitting a planet's surface. The second atmosphere began to develop around 2.7 billion years ago. It keeps us warm, gives us oxygen to breathe, and it is where our weather happens. These planets have hydrogen–helium atmospheres, with trace amounts of more complex compounds. Frost and precipitations, which depend on the atmospheric composition, also influence the relief. Atmosphere's implementation uses a 32KB heap, which should not be exhaustible. This signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planet's inflated atmosphere.[9]. The lowest layer is the troposphere, which extends from the surface to the bottom of the stratosphere. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity it is subject to is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. Earth's atmosphere consists of a number of layers that differ in properties such as composition, temperature and pressure. Although Mars' atmosphere used to be thick enough for water to run on the surface, today that water is either scarce or non-existent. atmosphere - the weather or climate at some place; "the atmosphere was thick with fog" Troposphere. The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, retained by Earth's gravity, surrounding the planet Earth and forming its planetary atmosphere. An atmosphere is the layers of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body. This is where the International Space Station orbits. A reimplementation was added for the jpegdec system module (thanks @HookedBehemoth)! Earth’s atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases. The atmosphere is an important part of what makes Earth livable. Essentially, the atmosphere is is a collection of gases that makes the Earth habitable. The easiest way to think about the atmosphere above our planet is to imagine an invisible shield that protects our planet from all the bad stuff that floats around in the universe. Dry air from Earth's atmosphere contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases (by volume), but generally a variable amount of water vapor is also present, on average about 1% at sea level.[8]. Earth's atmosphere is the only one in the solar system capable of supporting life. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window), about an alternative idea about the atmosphere’s origin, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The depth of this layer varies between 17 km at the equator to 7 km at the poles. The mass of the atmosphere is around 5×1018kg. 3 letter words Summary about Structure and Composition of Atmosphere. A jacket for the planet Earth is a great planet to live on because it has a wonderful atmosphere around it. In space research and exploration, atmospheric drag affects both the entry into orbit via rocket … This article is about an atmosphere of a celestial body. The atmosphere serves as a protective shield against radiation and cosmic rays. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! In addition, since liquids can not exist without pressure, an atmosphere allows liquid to be present at the surface, resulting in lakes, rivers and oceans. The exosphere is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. So, no matter where you look, you see the scattered blue light. The air is a poor conductor of heat. The atmospheres of the planets Venus and Mars are primarily composed of carbon dioxide, with small quantities of nitrogen, argon, oxygen and traces of other gases. An atmosphere (from Ancient Greek ἀτμός (atmos), meaning 'vapour', and σφαῖρα (sphaira), meaning 'ball' or 'sphere' ) is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body. Here on Universe Today we have a great article about an alternative idea about the atmosphere’s origin. The blue color of the sky is due to Rayleigh scattering which means as light moves through the atmosphere, most of the longer wavelengths pass straight through. On Earth, units of air pressure are based on the internationally recognized standard atmosphere (atm), which is defined as 101.325 kPa (760 Torr or 14.696 psi). The atmosphere is made up of mostly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The thermosphere extends up to between 320 and 380 km. 004 - The AtmosphereIn this video Paul Andersen explains how the atmosphere surrounds the planet. The atmosphere is also responsible for the aurora borealis. The ionosphere increases in thickness and moves closer to the Earth during daylight and rises at night allowing certain frequencies of radio communication over a greater range. How to use atmosphere in a sentence. While the atmosphere near the surface has a fairly homogeneous chemical composition, the abundance of gases changes at higher altitudes. Earth's atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds our home planet. The atmosphere thins out in each higher layer until the gases dissipate in space. The sun bombards the solar system with ultraviolet radiation, and without protection, that radiation can cause severe damage to skin and eyes. These include the Moon (sodium gas), Mercury (sodium gas), Europa (oxygen), Io (sulfur), and Enceladus (water vapor). The density of the atmosphere decreases outward, because the planet’s gravitational attraction, which pulls the gases and aerosols inward, is greatest close to the surface. All of these gases combine to absorb ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and warm the planet’s surface through heat retention. However, atmospheres are not uniform in temperature, so estimation of the atmospheric pressure at any particular altitude is more complex. The exosphere begins variously from about 690 to 1,000 km above the surface, where it interacts with the planet's magnetosphere. The factors studied were staff attitude, atmosphere, timing (service), and food. The Kármán line, located within the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km, is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space. Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass resides within the troposphere, and is the layer within which the Earth's terrestrial weather develops. Secondly, the distance from the Sun determines the energy available to heat atmospheric gas to the point where some fraction of its molecules' thermal motion exceed the planet's escape velocity, allowing those to escape a planet's gravitational grasp. We've arranged the synonyms in length order so that they are easier to find. Atmosphere, the gas and aerosol envelope that extends from the ocean, land, and ice-covered surface of a planet outward into space. The atmosphere consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% water vapor, and a minute amount of other trace gases like argon, and carbon monoxide. For a meteorologist, the composition of the Earth's atmosphere is a factor affecting the climate and its variations. ATMOSPHERE 'ATMOSPHERE' is a 10 letter word starting with A and ending with E Synonyms, crossword answers and other related words for ATMOSPHERE We hope that the following list of synonyms for the word atmosphere will help you to finish your crossword today. The atmosphere is a mixture of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and other gases (1%) that surrounds Earth. Because the troposphere is the lowest atmosphere layer, it contains 75 percent of the atmosphere’s mass. Our atmosphere is the layers of gases surrounding the earth. Wind erosion is a significant factor in shaping the terrain of rocky planets with atmospheres, and over time can erase the effects of both craters and volcanoes. Join us at patreon.com/universetoday. Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres. [clarification needed]. It is measured with a barometer. Above it is the heterosphere or exosphere. Without an atmosphere, the planet has no protection from meteoroids, and all of them collide with the surface as meteorites and create craters. Venus's atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide with thick clouds of sulfur, which render the surface too hot to support any known form of life. The atmosphere is a protective layer that safeguards the earth from the harsh conditions of the solar system. The original atmospheres started with a rotating disc of gases that collapsed to form a series of spaced rings that condensed to form the planets. However, over the past 3 billion years Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity, including a net 2% of its atmospheric oxygen. When a planet generates a significant amount of heat internally, such as is the case for Jupiter, convection in the atmosphere can transport thermal energy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface. [6] As a result, craters are rare on objects with atmospheres. The first atmosphere came into being as a result of a major rainfall over the entire planet that caused the build up of a major ocean. The exosphere is the last bastion of the atmosphere. The atmosphere helps to protect living organisms from genetic damage by solar ultraviolet radiation, solar wind and cosmic rays. Objects that have no atmosphere, or that have only an exosphere, have terrain that is covered in craters. It is because of the heat created by the friction of the atmosphere that the space shuttle had to be equipped with a heat shield to prevent it from burning up as it re-entered the Earth's atmosphere. One of the main components of Earth’s interdependent physical systems is the atmosphere. The atmosphere on Mars may be much thinner than on Earth, but it remains intact enough to cause weather, clouds, and wind. The exosphere gradually fades away into the realm of interplanetary space. A literary technique, atmosphere is a type of feeling that readers get from a narrative, based on details such as setting, background, objects, and foreshadowing.A mood can serve as a vehicle for establishing atmosphere. For example, the large gravitational force of the giant planet Jupiter retains light gases such as hydrogen and helium that escape from objects with lower gravity. Check out the NASA page about the Earth’s atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere is a jacket of gases that surrounds our planet. The height at which the pressure from an atmosphere declines by a factor of e (an irrational number with a value of 2.71828...) is called the scale height and is denoted by H. For an atmosphere with a uniform temperature, the scale height is proportional to the temperature and inversely proportional to the product of the mean molecular mass of dry air and the local acceleration of gravity at that location. The atmosphere is a gaseous envelope (with suspended liquids and solids) that surrounds the Earth and is held in place by gravity. No ads on this site, see our videos early, special material... 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