michael rutter research methods

Example of Meta‐Analysis Mx script. His chapter... To summarize the advantages and limitations of general population, high-risk and "natural experiment" longitudinal studies for studying psychological change. Publications Trends in Liver and Skin Tumor Prevalence in Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) from the Anacostia River, Washington, DC, and Nearby Waters, Toxicologic Pathology. We have tried to keep a balance between the need for rigorous research and systematic evaluation … Individuals with an ASD vary greatly in cognitive development, which can range from above average to intellectual disability. He was Deputy Chairman of the Wellcome Trust from 1999 to 2004, and has been a Trustee of the Nuffield Foundation since 1992. However not all individuals are affected. Professor Sir Michael Rutter announced as joint winner of 2020 Pardes Humanitarian Prize in Mental Health. More recent neurological evidence supports the damaging effects that privation can … The autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of conditions characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviours. Concepts of causation are discussed, as are alternative explanations of an association other than causation. (mp3), Quote of the Month: Professor Gareth Sanger, Image of the Month: Professor Kate Bushby. (2014), Commentary: Attachment is a biological concept - a reflection on Fearon et al. To describe current social functioning in a clinical sample of 60 adults with autism (mean age = 44 years) who were all of average nonverbal IQ (70+) when first diagnosed (mean age = 6.75 years). One of the most influential was Maternal Deprivation Reassessed (1972) in which he argued (against John Bowlby) that it was the norm for children to form multiple attachments rather than a selective attachment with just one person. Risk, causation, mediation, and moderation, 5HTT genotype moderates the influence of early institutional deprivation on emotional problems in adolescence: Evidence from the English and Romanian Adoptee (ERA) study, Assessing the Concept of the ‘Insecure‐Other’ Category in the Cassidy–Marvin Scheme: Changes Between 4 and 6 Years in the English and Romanian Adoptee Study. DEPRIVATION-SPECIFIC PSYCHOLOGICAL PATTERNS (Robert Kumsta, Jana Kreppner, Michael Rutter, Celia Beckett, Jennifer Castle, Suzanne Stevens, and Edmund J. Sonuga-Barke). Using data from the English & Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study, we recently reported that early time-limited exposure to severe institutional deprivation is associated with early-onset and persistent neurodevelopmental problems and later-onset emotional problems. In recent years, several studies have produced data showing apparent changes in early adult life of psychological life trajectories, changes that have been labelled "turning points". Method: However, association with psychiatric outcome does not equate to causation. As was the case at two earlier study waves, satisfaction was found to be extremely high. ... think any work on genetic markers for resilience is in its infancy and probably akin to the medieval search for a method to create gold. Hum Mol Genet, Functional Impact of Global Rare Copy Number Variation in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Child and adolescent psychiatry: Past scientific achievements and challenges for the future. Since institutional care facilities have historically been excellent environments within which to study the detrimental effects of early deprivation, genetics research has also transitioned into this area, ... Second, if perspective taking is impaired in autism, then, as Carruthers (2006) has pointed out, on the assumption that introspective faculty is intact in autism, autistic subjects must experience no severe difficulty in reading their own minds. Parr et al. Do natural experiments have an important future in the study of mental disorders? Professor Rutter is recognised as contributing to the establishment of child psychiatry as a medical and biopsychosocial specialty with a strong scientific base. He was appointed the first consultant of child psychiatry in the UK and has been Head of the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the Institute of Psychiatry, London, and Honorary Director of the Medical Research Council Child Psychiatry Unit. In this chapter, we review what is meant by these concepts, and then seek to pull together the findings from the English and Romanian Adoptee (ERA) studies... A common polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4, 5HTT) has been repeatedly shown to moderate the influence of childhood adversity and stressful life events on the development of psychopathology. 2015). Childhood factors that predict later stability, improvement or decline in cognitive functioning remain uncertain a... Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often co-occur. This volume aims to provide the reader with an up-to-date account of knowledge, research, education, and clinical practice in the field of au tism, from an international perspective. © The History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, Queen Mary University of Londonmodbiomed@qmul.ac.uk, Wellcome gifts for Christmas (and the New Year), Pyjamas on Everest and in the lab - tales from the NIMR, Register of interest: Bowel cancer and the Polyposis Registry, Building Henrietta: DIY electrophysiology in the 1950s, Drugs: Medical Marvels or Malevolent Molecules. He was appointed to the first UK Chair in Child Psychiatry in 1973 and since his retirement in 1998, he has held a research chair in Developmental Psychopathology at the Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London. A genome-wide linkage and association scan reveals novel loci for autism, Commentary: Fact and artefact in the secular increase in the rate of autism, Parents' Evaluation of Adoption Success: A Follow-Up Study of Intercountry and Domestic Adoptions, Dopamine transporter gene polymorphism moderates the effects of severe deprivation on ADHD symptoms, Do prenatal risk factors cause psychiatric disorder? The English & Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study follows children who spent their first years of life in extremely depriving Romanian institutions before they were adopted by families in the UK. Contact details: Telephone: 80882. Michael Rutter, Box Number P080, Social, ... Methods: We note the need for representative general samples, and for adequate measurement and significance testing if valid conclusions are to be drawn. Background: Conduct Disorder (CD) is a markedly heterogeneous psychiatric condition. The life and legacy of Sir Christopher Booth, The History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group, Rutter, Michael - Transcript of an Interview, Rutter, Michael - 01 Early Training and Influences:The Maudsley Hospital, London (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 02 The Need to question your own Research (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 03 Epidemiological Psychiatry defined: The Study of Romanian Adoptees (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 04 Autism and the MMR Vaccine (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 05 Maternal Deprivation: Relationships and Attachments (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 06 Lost Relationships: Coping, Resilience and Genetic Factors (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 07 Autism: A Brain Disorder with Important Genetic Factors (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 08 Autism: Tests for Diagnosis and Measurement reveal a Wider View of the Disorder (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 09 Autism: Degrees of Severity (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 10 Genes and Behaviour (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 11 How Genes might play a part in Schizophrenia and Autism (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 12 Genes and environments - Anti-social Mothers, Adoptive Parents and Child Behaviour (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 13 Anti-social Behaviour: Why some People develop it (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 14 Anti-social Behaviour: Why it matters (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 15 Anti-social Behaviour: The Role played by Genes that most of us have (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 16 Anti-social Behaviour: The Difference between Corporal Punishment and Maltreatment (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 17 The Camberwell Interview: Assessing Families' Influence on Risks for Children's Behaviour (mp3), Rutter, Michael - 18 Do Schools influence Behavioural and Scholastic Problems? Rutter's Study on Romanian Orphans Romanian Orphans: In 1989 the Ceausescu regime was overthrown and it was found that there were between 100 to 300 thousand school-aged children in orphanages, many of whom had suffered sever emotional and physical deprivation. We report on cognitive, social and mental health outcomes in 87 adult siblings (mean age 39 years). In this monograph, we have brought the findings of the English and Romanian Adoptee (ERA) study up to age 15 years and, in so doing, have focused especially on the question of whether there are deprivation-specific psychological patterns (DSPs) that differ meaningfully from other forms of psychopathology. The concept of resilience has as its starting point the recognition that there is huge heterogeneity in people's responses to all manner of environmental adversities. Beyond school age, persistent DSED symptoms in young adults adopted from early institutional deprivation to well-functioning families in preschool age have been found to be associated with symptoms of ADHD and callous-unemotional traits (CU), though unrelated to depression, anxiety and CD symptoms [47]. It is a universal finding that there is huge heterogeneity in people's responses to all kinds of stress and adversity. Rutter set up the Medical Research Council (UK)Child Psychiatry Research Unit in 1984 and the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre 10 years later, being honorary director of both until October 1998. Bowlby used the term 'maternal deprivation' to refer to separation from case attached figure, case of an attached figure and failure to develop an attachment to any figure. ... Retrospect and Prospect’ Michael Rutter 2005. Why is the topic of the biological embedding of experiences important for translation? At 10, mean scores for black children of West Indian origin were well below those of whites. Several studies, however, have demonstrated that subjects with autism have difficulty in discriminating between their intended and non-intended actions. VII. The characteristics of early developmental regression (EDR) were investigated in individuals with ASD from affected relative pairs recruited to the International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC). Michael Rutter During the second half of the 20th century there was an immense increase in both empirical findings on, and conceptual understanding of, the effects of nature, nurture, and developmental processes on psychological functioning—both normal and abnormal. VI. We now know autism is one of the most highly heritable disorders with negligible shared environmental contributions. Sir Michael Llewellyn Rutter CBE FRS FRCP FRCPsych FMedSci (born 15 August 1933) is the first person to be appointed professor of child psychiatry in the United Kingdom. (2014), Translation gone awry: Differences between commonsense and science, DSM-5: A Collection of Psychiatrist Views on the Changes, Controversies, and Future Directions, Cognitive and language skills in adults with autism: A 40-year follow-up, Factor Structure of Autistic Traits in Children with ADHD, Social Outcomes in Mid- to Later Adulthood Among Individuals Diagnosed With Autism and Average Nonverbal IQ as Children, New Interview and Observation Measures of the Broader Autism Phenotype: Impressions of Interviewee Measure, laurens etal 2007 SchizophreniaResearch supplement M, Basing psychiatric classification on scientific foundation: Problems and prospects, Classification issues and challenges in child and adolescent psychopathology, Achievements and challenges in the biology of environmental effects, Annual Research Review: Resilience - clinical implications, Resilience: Causal Pathways and Social Ecology, Longitudinal Studies Using a "Natural Experiment" Design: The Case of Adoptees From Romanian Institutions, Individual common variants exert weak effects on the risk for autism spectrum disorders, Classification of feeding and eating disorders: Review of evidence and proposals for ICD-11, Disruptive mood dysregulation with dysphoria disorder: A proposal for ICD-11, Adolescent callous-unemotional traits and conduct disorder in adoptees exposed to severe early deprivation, The effects of group daycare in the context of paid maternal leave and high-quality provision, A novel approach of homozygous haplotype sharing identifies candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder, Black pupils' progress in secondary school—I. A Review of General Psychologysurvey, published in 2002, ranked Rutter as the 68th most … This study used the prospective Norwegian cohort of 24,259 (MoBa; Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study) to examine predictors of group daycare, and the effects of family risk and group daycare on child behaviour a... Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable disorder of complex and heterogeneous aetiology. Methods and measures used for follow-up at 15 years of the English and Romanian adoptee (era) study, X. 2. Professor Rutter was knighted in 1992 and is an honorary member of the British Academy, a Fellow of the Royal Society, and founding Fellow of the Academia Europaea and the Academy of Medical Sciences. Resilience is an interactive phenomenon that is inferred from findings indicating that some individuals have a relatively good outcome despite having experienced serious adversities. To investigate these questions, we utilized MRI data collected from young adults who were... Background: In this chapter we consider why grouping different neurodevelopmental disorders might be useful for clinical and research purposes and also discuss findings that support this clustering. Rutter's work includes: early epidemiologic studies (Isle of Wight and Inner London); studies of autism involving a wide range of scientific techniques and disciplin… Nine types of genetically sensitive natural experiments are described, together with their assumptions and limitations. Throughout this monograph, there has been frequent reference to levels of risk, inference of causation, testing for mediating variables, and the need to consider possible moderating influences. We s... Background "What's new!?" Results Much the strongest evidence concerns the importance of susceptibility genes, but such genes MRC National Institute of Medical Research: The Place The People... Was the First World War Good for Medicine? Viewed against the background of earlier... Epilepsy occurs in a significant minority of individuals with autism, but few long-term follow-up studies have been reported, so the prevalence, features (type of seizures, age at onset and severity, etc.) This page lists the scientific contributions of an author, who either does not have a ResearchGate profile, or has not yet added these contributions to their profile. The worldwide history of scientific achievements in child and adolescent psychopathology is reviewed from the mid-twentieth century onwards. Attention is paid to the conceptual issues in DSM and ICD development and differences between the two classificati... New research findings provide major challenges regarding our understanding of the concept of autism. In 1994 he set up the Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Unit at the Institute of Psychiatry. This monograph is concerned with the mid adolescent follow-up of a group of adoptees from Romania and from within the United Kingdom who were first assessed at the age of 4 years (or 6 years in the case of the oldest children). Early childhood deprivation is associated with higher rates of neurodevelopmental and mental disorders in adulthood. That raises four basic issues: whether social adversities can be considered homogeneous, whether the crucial effect lies in the "objective" or subjectively perceived "effective" environment, wh... Background: and correlates (IQ history of regression, family history) have only partially been identified. The International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, The Isle of Wight studies: the scope and scale of reading difficulties, The impact of childhood deprivation on adult neuropsychological functioning is associated with ADHD symptom persistence, Early childhood deprivation is associated with alterations in adult brain structure despite subsequent environmental enrichment, Why does early childhood deprivation increase adult risk for depression and anxiety? Early institutional deprivation is a risk factor for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Michael Rutter was the first professor of child psychiatry in the United Kingdom and is regarded as the father of academic child psychiatry/psychology. To test whether callous-unemotional traits and conduct disorder can be dissociated in the English and Romanian Adoptee Study, a prospective longitudinal study of adopted indiv... Social benefits and quality of group daycare vary greatly across countries; the effects on children may depend on the social context. However, this field of research has also received criticism for neglecting other, non-causal explanations for the associations (Harden, 2014;Rowe, 2002). A general assumption is that science is just organised commonsense. Institutional deprivation in early childhood is associated with neuropsychological deficits in adolescence. First, we discuss what disorders are neurodevelopment... Translational research focuses on innovation in healthcare settings, but this is a two-way process that may have implications for either treatment or prevention. Suggestions have been made that many claims concern false-positive findings in the field of child psychology and psychiatry. It is concluded that substantial gains in knowledge have been achieved during the last 3 years, and there have been some unexpected findings, but major puzzles remain. Examination attainments, Epilepsy in autism: Features and correlates, Early Developmental Regression in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence from an International Multiplex Sample, Research Review: Child psychiatric diagnosis and classification: concepts, findings, challenges and potential, Progress in Understanding Autism: 2007–2010, Against Le Packing: A Consensus Statement, Integrating Science and Clinical Practice, Understanding Intention in normal development and in autism, The Role of Pre- and Postnatal Timing of Family Risk Factors on Child Behavior at 36 months, A genome-wide scan for common alleles affecting risk for autism. / Leon Eisenberg; Stress, development, and family interaction / Judy Dunn; Depressive feelings, cognitions, and disorders: a research postscript / Michael Rutter. Part of European Network on Longitudinal Studies on Individual Development. Objective: The sample studied included families containing at least two individuals with autism spectrum disorder; observations were undertaken by the researcher who interviewed the subject... Abstract To examine whether and how the classification of mental disorders can be based on research, we evaluate the relevance of psychiatric science to the major questions in classification. Early‐life institutional deprivation is associated with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) later in childhood and adolescence. We assessed difficulties related to mental health in 58 adults with autism (10 females, 48 males; mean age 44 years) whom we have followed over four decades. In this paper, we provide an overview of the contribution of the Isle of Wight studies to research on reading disabilities. Although autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have a substantial genetic basis, most of the known genetic risk has been traced to rare variants, principally copy number variants (CNVs). In the book, he suggested that Bowlby may have oversimplified the concept of maternal deprivation. The articles in this five-volume collection cover the myriad genetic and non-genetic developmental psychopathological conditions which are now known and being researched from a variety of perspectives, from dyslexia to autism and beyond. In a landmark study in 1979, Michael Rutter conducted research in a selection of comprehensive schools titled Fifteen Thousand Hours – Secondary Schools and their Effects on Children identified substantial differences between secondary schools in a range of student academic and behavioural outcomes. Syndrome are used as an example of a `` natural experiment, '' and detailed findings are provided role! Paediatrics before specialising in psychiatry damaging effects that privation can … 27 2020... This paper, we provide an overview of findings from the mid-twentieth century onwards ( ). 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