central asia or inner asia

Central and Inner Asia Buddhist Celestial Musician from Central Asia The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, houses a panel, originally part of a much larger hanging, that is made of cotton and is embroidered in silk and gold thread with the representation of a female celestial musician from the Buddhist pantheon. [43], The Kyrgyz economy was shaken by a series of shocks between 2010 and 2012. Most nomadic conquerors entered from the northeast. 00-25 – Growth rate projected for AD2000-2025 Issues – A brief encapsulation of the issues affecting the growth of Christianity in the nation. 'In the world today, there is a strong tendency to switch from petrochemicals to renewable biological sources,' he said. [37], Some also learn to sing the Manas, Kyrgyzstan's epic poem (those who learn the Manas exclusively but do not improvise are called manaschis). Other language groups include the Tibetic languages, spoken by around six million people across the Tibetan Plateau and into Qinghai, Sichuan, Ladakh and Baltistan, and the Nuristani languages of northeastern Afghanistan. The battle of Manzikert resulted in the initiation of the Crusades. Central Asia : terrorism, religious extremism, and regional stability : hearing before the Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, October 29, 2003. Uzbekistan broke with this trend in 2013 by raising its own research intensity to 0.41% of GDP. The nation of Iran is also sometimes included in Western Asia. However, the governments in the region have not taken very good care of these resources, and environmental disasters have been the result. In April 2010, President Kurmanbek Bakiyev was deposed by a popular uprising, with former minister of foreign affairs Roza Otunbayeva assuring the interim presidency until the election of Almazbek Atambayev in November 2011. Music of Central Asia and of the Volga-Ural Peoples. "Central Asia's Pipelines: Field of Dreams and Reality", in. Central Asia had both the advantage and disadvantage of a central location between four historical seats of power. The other great commercial city was Tashkent northwest of the mouth of the Ferghana valley. Association football is popular across Central Asia. You’re welcome to dip your toes in the Paleolithic To better understand the complexities of Pleistocene cultural processes in eastern Eurasia, we study the Paleolithic archaeology of the Russian Altai region, Mongolia, North China, Xinjiang, Qinghai, and ethnic Tibet…the broad region referred to by geographers as Central and Inner Asia. Central Asia has served more as the battleground for outside powers than as a power in its own right. It could be thought of as a bridge between the two regions. Illustrated survey of Islamic monuments in Central Asia, based on fieldwork in 1924-25. Between 2010 and 2012, technological parks were set up in the east, south and north Kazakhstan oblasts (administrative units) and in the capital, Nur-Sultan. Christians make up less than five percent of the countries; the one exception is Kazakhstan, where fifteen percent of the population is Christian. The centre supports research projects in technology marketing, intellectual property protection, technology licensing contracts and start-ups. Almost all holders of a Candidate of Science, Doctor of Science or PhD are more than 40 years old and half are aged over 60; more than one in three researchers (38.4%) holds a PhD degree, or its equivalent, the remainder holding a bachelor's or master's degree. The combined population of the countries in the region is over 120 million people. About half of these (sixty-six million) live in Iran. The arid nature of Central Asia’s land makes farming very difficult. [10][11][12] Stalinist-era forced deportation policies also mean that over 300,000 Koreans[13] and 170,000 ethnic Germans continue to reside in the region. The main irrigated areas are along the eastern mountains, along the Oxus and Jaxartes Rivers and along the north flank of the Kopet Dagh near the Persian border. The languages of the majority of the inhabitants of the former Soviet Central Asian Republics belong to the Turkic language group. In the context of the United States' War on Terror, Central Asia has once again become the center of geostrategic calculations. In 2011, construction began of a technopark in the village of Bikrova near Ashgabat, the Turkmen capital. Mandarin Chinese has an equally dominant presence in Inner Mongolia, Qinghai and Xinjiang. The vast steppe areas of Central Asia are considered together with the steppes of Eastern Europe as a homogeneous geographical zone known as the Eurasian Steppe. The region is politically fragmented, with divisions between tribes and between different political ideologies. In addition, the Centre for Technology Commercialization has been set up in Kazakhstan as part of the Parasat National Scientific and Technological Holding, a joint stock company established in 2008 that is 100% state-owned. A larger area also including Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Tibet, western China, Afghanistan and parts of Siberia, Iran and Pakistan. Notwithstanding this, they have emerged relatively unscathed from the global financial crisis of 2008–2009. The number of researchers per million population is close to the world average (1,083 in 2013) in Kazakhstan (1,046) and higher than the world average in Uzbekistan (1,097). Today it usually is used to refer to Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Iran. It is also colloquially … East Asia is located east of Central Asia, with its eastern border running along the East China Sea. Other research institutions have remained attached to the Uzbek Academy of Sciences, such as the Centre of Genomics and Bioinformatics. Islam is the religion most common in the Central Asian Republics, Afghanistan, Xinjiang and the peripheral western regions, such as Bashkortostan. Equestrian sports are traditional in Central Asia, with disciplines like endurance riding, buzkashi, dzhigit and kyz kuu. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. The name was often translated as "White Tombstone", but actually means "Holy Place" or "Holy Shrine". Central Asia is sometimes referred to as Turkestan. Strategic pipelines carrying oil to distant ports have also been built across the countries. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are both generalizing the teaching of foreign languages at school, in order to facilitate international ties. To the east, Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin were united into the Chinese province of Xinjiang about 1759. Historically Central Asia has been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road, once important trade routes across the Asian continent. Some of the most famous armies to originate in this region included the Huns and the Mongols who at different times controlled much of Europe and European Asia. It has a population density of 9 people per km2, vastly less than the 80.5 people per km2 of the continent as a whole. ", C.E. In the midst of this instability and geopolitical shuffling, some significant wars and conflicts continue to be fought. Iran is in a much better place to manage its oil wealth, which is not likely to run out as quickly as the northern states. Slobin, Mark. Vol. Southward the land becomes increasingly dry and the nomadic population increasingly thin. Most countries are members of the Central Asian Football Association, a region of the Asian Football Confederation. The steppe-desert-forest lands of Inner Asia spread across all of Eurasia but specific differences in geography and ecology produced different results. Average monthly precipitation is extremely low from July to September, rises in autumn (October and November) and is highest in March or April, followed by swift drying in May and June. [43], Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan have been members of the World Trade Organization since 1998, 2013 and 2015 respectively.[43]. In 2010, Kazakhstan became the only Central Asian member of the Bologna Process, which seeks to harmonize higher education systems in order to create a European Higher Education Area. Although two-thirds of papers from the region have a foreign co-author, the main partners tend to come from beyond Central Asia, namely the Russian Federation, USA, German, United Kingdom and Japan. Since then, this has become the most common definition of Central Asia. The form of Christianity most practiced in the region in previous centuries was Nestorianism, but now the largest denomination is the Russian Orthodox Church, with many members in Kazakhstan, where about 25% of the population of 19 million identify as Christian, 17% in Uzbekistan and 5% in Kyrgyzstan. Turkey, through a common, Russia continues to dominate political decision-making throughout the former SSRs; although, as other countries move into the area, Russia's influence has begun to wane though Russia still maintains military bases in, The United States, with its military involvement in the region and oil diplomacy, is also significantly involved in the region's politics. [43], Although both exports and imports have grown significantly over the past decade, Central Asian republics countries remain vulnerable to economic shocks, owing to their reliance on exports of raw materials, a restricted circle of trading partners and a negligible manufacturing capacity. IncoNet CA builds on the experience of earlier projects which involved other regions, such as Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus and the Western Balkans. In the region, many important international exhibitions are taking place, Central Asian art is represented in European and American museums, and the Central Asian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale has been organized since 2005. The headquarters of ISTC were moved to Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan in June 2014, three years after the Russian Federation announced its withdrawal from the centre. Russia and China had taken control of most of the region by the nineteenth century. Provides an all-encompassing look at the history of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia. The focus of this research projects is on three societal challenges considered as being of mutual interest to both the European Union and Central Asia, namely: climate change, energy and health. [43], The five Central Asian republics belong to several international bodies, including the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Economic Cooperation Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Moreover, few industrial enterprises conduct research in Kazakhstan. Thus, Yama, Lord of Death, was revered in Tibet as a spiritual guardian and judge. The governments are generally anti-Christian. Local “strongmen” and “warlords” may be far more powerful than the national governments. Thus, few major cities developed in the region; instead, the area was for millennia dominated by the nomadic horse peoples of the steppe. Caravans from China usually went along the north or south side of the Tarim basin and joined at Kashgar before crossing the mountains northwest to Ferghana or southwest to Bactria. Institutionally speaking, some fields of arts were regulated by the birth of the art market, some stayed as representatives of official views, while many were sponsored by international organizations. [4] It has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, West Asia, South Asia, and East Asia. WHAT: UNICEF Europe and Central Asia Regional Office (ECARO) will host an online inter-religious conference, “From Faith to Action: Protecting the rights of children affected by migration,” 10-11 December, 2020. In Uzbekistan, more than 10 institutions of the Academy of Sciences have been reorganized, following the issuance of a decree by the Cabinet of Ministers in February 2012. U.S. military bases have also been established in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, causing both Russia and the People's Republic of China to voice their concern over a permanent U.S. military presence in the region. In particular, they have been modernizing the industrial sector and fostering the development of service industries through business-friendly fiscal policies and other measures, to reduce the share of agriculture in GDP. (FA 1904.440.20) A concise survey of the major monuments in Central Asia and in pre-Ottoman Anatolia. The Tibetans and Ladakhi are also included. They are also members of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Programme, which also includes Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Mongolia and Pakistan. Any internal unity that was achieved was most probably due to the influence of the Silk Road, which traveled along Central Asia. The years of 1990–2000 were times for the establishment of contemporary arts. Oil and natural gas are two major resources contained within the region. With most Uzbek university researchers nearing retirement, this imbalance imperils Uzbekistan's research future. Kyrgyzstan's performance has been more erratic but this phenomenon was visible well before 2008. As co-operation among the member states in science and technology is already considerable and well-codified in legal texts, the Eurasian Economic Union is expected to have a limited additional impact on co-operation among public laboratories or academia but it should encourage business ties and scientific mobility, since it includes provision for the free circulation of labour and unified patent regulations. The First regional competition among the Central Asian countries, Russia, Chinese Xinjiang and Turkey was held in 2013. Many people are leaving due to poor economies and unstable governments. Articles do not necessarily represent the views of the Central Asia Program or any members of its projects. Other minor Eastern Iranian languages such as Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi, Sarikoli, Wakhi, Yaghnobi and Ossetic are also spoken at various places in Central Asia. See more ideas about central asia, asia, pakistan culture. Much of the land of Central Asia is too dry or too rugged for farming. ISBN-10: 0631208143 ISBN-13: 9780631208143 Pub. Industrial activity centers in the region's cities. Of the regions of Asia, only North Asia has fewer people. Central Asia is bounded on the north by the forests of Siberia. In May 2014, the European Union launched a 24-month call for project applications from twinned institutions – universities, companies and research institutes – for funding of up to €10, 000 to enable them to visit one another's facilities to discuss project ideas or prepare joint events like workshops. Afghanistan, which had served as a haven and source of support for Al-Qaeda under the protection of Mullah Omar and the Taliban, was the target of a U.S. invasion in 2001 and ongoing reconstruction and drug-eradication efforts. Western governments have accused Russia, China and the former Soviet republics of justifying the suppression of separatist movements, and the associated ethnics and religion with the War on Terror. Its distance from the sea forced trade to go overland through the famous Silk Road routes. Tashkent started as an, The second largest city of Kyrgyzstan. These included the Hun invasion of Europe, the Wu Hu attacks on China and most notably the Mongol conquest of much of Eurasia. Data are unavailable for Turkmenistan. The northern half of Central Asia (Kazakhstan) is the middle part of the Eurasian steppe. Several Persian empires would conquer and reconquer parts of Central Asia; Alexander the Great's Hellenic empire would extend into Central Asia; two Islamic empires would exert substantial influence throughout the region; and the modern state of Iran has projected influence throughout the region as well. Kazakh and Kyrgyz are related languages of the Kypchak group of Turkic languages and are spoken throughout Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and as a minority language in Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Xinjiang. Available at SSRN: Trochev, Alexei; Slade, Gavin (2019), in Caron, Jean-François (ed. Kinabibilangan ang Inner Asia ng mga bansang Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, at Armenia. Ang dating tawag sa Hilagang Asya ay Soviet Central Asia kaya naman tinatawag din silang … The first few approved projects focused on supercomputers, space technologies, medicine, petroleum recycling, nanotechnologies and the ecological use of natural resources. Inner Asia may be considered as the "frontier" of China, and as bo… They cannot totally insulate themselves from negative exterior forces, however, such as the persistently weak recovery of global industrial production and international trade since 2008. The lack of communication between Euroamerican Central/Inner Asianists (or Central Eurasianists) and their East Asian counterparts may be explained, as argued in this essay, in part by the meta-geographical imagination that has viewed Central/Inner Asia or Central Eurasia as a region beyond the pale of most thinking … From here Persian and Islamic civilization penetrated Central Asia and dominated its high culture until the Russian conquest. The technopark will house research on alternative energy sources (sun, wind) and the assimilation of nanotechnologies. Kyrgyzstan has the added disadvantage of being considered resource poor, although it does have ample water. The centre plans to conduct a technology audit in Kazakhstan and to review the legal framework regulating the commercialization of research results and technology. Ang Hilagang Asya ay binubuo ng mga bansang dating Soviet Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Armenia) Mongolia at Siberia. The music of the peoples who inhabit either Central Asia or the Volga-Ural region of Asia is explored in this document, which provides information that can be incorporated into secondary or higher education courses. Soucek's book "The History of Inner Asia" was published last year. Tocharian, another Indo-European language group, which was once predominant in oases on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang, is now extinct. Pakistan's status has been upgraded by the U.S. government to Major non-NATO ally because of its central role in serving as a staging point for the invasion of Afghanistan, providing intelligence on Al-Qaeda operations in the region, and leading the hunt on Osama bin Laden. Braudel's notio on f the longue duree is often invoke ind principle but rarely applied in practice. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire 1st edition by Christian, David (1998) Paperback on Amazon.com. This definition was also often used outside the USSR during this period. The region consists of the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. 5. Diversity of Views. Margiana was the region around Merv. Central Asia, also sometimes known as Middle Asia or Inner Asia, is a region in Asia east of the Caspian Sea, west of China, north of Afghanistan, and south of Russia. A minor branch of the silk road went north of the Tian Shan through Dzungaria and Zhetysu before turning southwest near Tashkent. 426–458, Walter Ratliff, "Pilgrims on the Silk Road: A Muslim-Christian Encounter in Khiva", Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2010. Key: P’00 – Population, AD 2000 P’25 – Population, AD2025 C’00 – Christianity, AD 2000 (followed by the percentage of the overall population) C’25 – Christianity, AD2025 projection, World Christian Database (followed by percentage of overall population) 75-00 – Growth rate. Brandenburg, D. Die Seldschuken: … In lower elevations, summers are hot with blazing sunshine. In the 90s, arts of the region underwent some significant changes. Historically built political geography and culture are two significant parameters widely used in the scholarly literature about the definitions of Central Asia. $62.95 (cloth); $27.95 (paper). INNER ASIA A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Teaching Aids for the Study of Inner Asia No. The Soviet bloc would reinforce dominance from the North and attempt to project power as far south as Afghanistan. Most of its electricity is generated by hydropower. The most limited definition was the official one of the Soviet Union, which defined Middle Asia as consisting solely of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, hence omitting Kazakhstan. As for Turkmenistan, it does not make data available on higher education, research expenditure or researchers. 1, Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire. [5] The Silk Road connected Muslim lands with the people of Europe, South Asia, and East Asia. [8][31] Among the ancient sedentary Iranian peoples, the Sogdians and Chorasmians played an important role, while Iranian peoples such as Scythians and the later on Alans lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle. The region itself never held a dominant stationary population nor was able to make use of natural resources. [43] Kazakhstan recognizes the role civil society initiatives have to address the consequences of the COVID 19 crisis. The dominance of the nomads ended in the 16th century, as firearms allowed settled peoples to gain control of the region. Central Asia supplies much of the opium that becomes heroin trafficked in Europe and the United States. There has been a surge in imports of computers, electronics and telecommunications; these products represented an investment of US$744 million in 2008 and US$2.6 billion five years later. Afghanistan is the second most populous country, with twenty-three million people. Mixed Martial Arts is one of more common sports in Central Asia, Kyrgyz athlete Valentina Shevchenko holding the UFC Flyweight Champion title. Since gaining independence in the early 1990s, the Central Asian republics have gradually been moving from a state-controlled economy to a market economy. The aim of this project is to encourage Central Asian countries to participate in research projects within Horizon 2020, the European Union's eighth research and innovation funding programme. Russia, China, and other powers expanded into the region and had captured the bulk of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. After the Russian Revolution, the western Central Asian regions were incorporated into the Soviet Union. '[43], Kazakhstan also participated in a second project of the Eurasian Economic Community, the establishment of the Centre for Innovative Technologies on 4 April 2013, with the signing of an agreement between the Russian Venture Company (a government fund of funds), the Kazakh JSC National Agency and the Belarusian Innovative Foundation. In early times Buddhism spread north and throughout much of history warrior kings and tribes would move southeast to establish their rule in northern India. Within this programme, prizes were awarded at an annual bio-industry exhibition and conference. … Several of the Turkmen Academy of Science's institutes were merged in 2014: the Institute of Botany was merged with the Institute of Medicinal Plants to become the Institute of Biology and Medicinal Plants; the Sun Institute was merged with the Institute of Physics and Mathematics to become the Institute of Solar Energy; and the Institute of Seismology merged with the State Service for Seismology to become the Institute of Seismology and Atmospheric Physics. Major bodies of water include the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash, both of which are part of the huge west-central Asian endorheic basin that also includes the Caspian Sea. In Afghanistan, for example, President Hamid Karzai has little control outside the city of Kabul. [19] The Russian Geographer Nicolay Khanykoff questioned the latitudinal definition of Central Asia. [43], Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan count the highest researcher density in Central Asia. [45], The Central Asian countries attracted $378.2 billion of foreign direct investment (FDI) between 2007 and 2019. However, reform has been deliberately gradual and selective, as governments strive to limit the social cost and ameliorate living standards. The Tibetan Empire would take the chance to rule portion of Central Asia along with South Asia. Most of the Central Asian nations are struggling to wisely use their petrodollars, but economic corruption is rampant in these countries. [2] It is also colloquially referred to as "the stans" as the countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan", meaning "land of". As a consequence of Russian colonization, European fine arts – painting, sculpture and graphics – have developed in Central Asia. Varieties of Persian are also spoken as a major language in the region, locally known as Dari (in Afghanistan), Tajik (in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), and Bukhori (by the Bukharan Jews of Central Asia). Central Eurasia. The aim is to orient academic research towards problem-solving and ensure continuity between basic and applied research. Only Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan border the Caspian Sea and none of the republics has direct access to an ocean, complicating the transportation of hydrocarbons, in particular, to world markets. There are several large rivers and lakes, including the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea. Kazakh imports nearly doubled between 2008 and 2013, from US$2.7 billion to US$5.1 billion. North of the Oxus is the less-famous but equally important Zarafshan River which waters the great trading cities of Bokhara and Samarkand. The landlocked Central Asian republics are conscious of the need to co-operate in order to maintain and develop their transport networks and energy, communication and irrigation systems. The Eastern Iranian Pashto language is still spoken in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Winds can be strong, producing dust storms sometimes, especially toward the end of the dry season in September and October. Iran, the seat of historical empires that controlled parts of Central Asia, has historical and cultural links to the region and is vying to construct an oil pipeline from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf. A 2005 The Washington Post article proposed a similarity between the improvisational art of akyns and modern freestyle rap performed in the West.[38]. However, little of the oil wealth trickles down to the average individual. Central Asia also has an indigenous form of improvisational oral poetry that is over 1000 years old. [44], In terms of the economic influence of big powers, China is viewed as one of the key economic players in Central Asia, especially after Beijing launched its grand development strategy known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013. These “great powers” continue to be concerned about the region, whose instability can give rise to individuals with the power to do a great deal of damage (one example being extreme fundamentalists who, unable to muster significant military forces, resort to terror attacks to achieve their goals). For Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan toward.... Gradual and selective, as firearms allowed settled peoples to gain control of of... 2019 [ 42 ] IWB world competitiveness rankings great leaders or changing conditions would organize several tribes one! Arrival of Islam Mirror of the regions of southern Siberia, the capital and city! 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