mars volcano eruption

The team says that one of these fissures appears to be less than 200,000 years old — and possibly as young as 50,000 years old. Scientists have never recorded an active volcano eruption on the surface of Mars;[55] moreover, searches for thermal signatures and surface changes within the last decade have not yielded any positive evidence for active volcanism. by Gemma Lavender, 21 March 2017 The giant Martian volcano Arsia Mons produced one new lava flow at its summit every 1 to 3 million years during the final peak of activity, new research shows . The biggest difference between Martian and Terrestrial volcanoes is size. Magmas that have been so altered are said to be "evolved" to distinguish them from "primitive" magmas that more closely resemble the composition of their mantle source. Rootless Volcanic Cones in Iceland and on Mars, in, Chapman, M.G. [7], However, the European Space Agency's Mars Express orbiter photographed lava flows interpreted in 2004 to have occurred within the past two million years, suggesting a relatively recent geologic activity. Mars, being intermediate in size between the Earth and the Moon, is thought to be intermediate in its level of magmatic activity. You may have noticed some consternation in some corners of the internet about a possible volcanic eruption on Mars. A vast lava flow the size of the state of Oregon has recently been described in western Elysium Planitia. However, the sound wasn’t coming from the sky. When molten rock containing magnetic material, such as hematite (Fe2O3), cools and solidifies in the presence of a magnetic field, it becomes magnetized and takes on the polarity of the background field. The summit calderas (central depressions) of all four volcanoes probably formed from recurrent collapse following drainage of magma resulting from flank eruptions. Planetary geologists have long thought that the Cerberus Fossae fissures must have formed in lava plains as they cooled and deformed. However, there are some differences, between the magnetic stripes on Earth and those on Mars. These volcanoes are strikingly similar to shield volcanoes on Earth. The volcano was built up by many thousands of individual flows of highly fluid lava. This white trail are clouds of water and ice that condense on the summit of Arsia Mons, one of the great volcanoes of Mars. The second type of volcanic plains (ridged plains) are characterized by abundant wrinkle ridges. If it were geologically active enough to cause active volcanoes in present time it would have to be due to internal heat and upheaval which so far hasn't been enough to cause such violent phenomenon as volcanoes. Magma on Mars likely ascends in a similar manner to that on Earth. (See igneous differentiation and fractional crystallization.) Signs of recent volcanic eruption on Mars hint at Habitats for life U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Makes Unannounced Visit To Taiwan -sources Afghanistan, Taliban resolve several disputed issues: Officials ‘Last opportunity’: Ethiopian PM gives 72-hours ultimatum to Tigray rebels On the other hand, volcanism might provide a more mundane explanation for an observation that has excited them for many years — the discovery of low levels of methane in parts of the Martian atmosphere. Carr, M.H (2007). The results from the rover's CheMin analyzer revealed the presence of several minerals, including feldspar, pyroxenes and olivine, and suggested that the Martian soil in the sample was similar to the "weathered basaltic soils" of Hawaiian volcanoes. The three Tharsis Montes, together with some smaller volcanoes to the north, form a straight line. Only volcanic activity could have kept it warm enough. “These environments would be analogous to locations on Earth where volcanic activity occurs in glacial environments such as Iceland, where chemotrophic and psychrophilic bacteria thrive.”. Could a volcanic eruption blow ash out of the Earth’s atmosphere? Several irregularly shaped craters found within the region represent a type of highland volcanic construct which, all together, represent a martian igneous province. Subsequently, the magma may cool and solidify to form intrusive igneous bodies (plutons). Arleigh Pudlick, Becker, Minnesota No volcano has come close. Flows related to the volcano can be traced as far north as 61°N and as far south as 26°N. [9] Many of the same magmatic processes that occur on Earth also occurred on Mars, and both planets are similar enough compositionally that the same names can be applied to their igneous rocks and minerals. Ulysses Tholus, with its location in relation to other volcanoes shown (photo by THEMIS). This behemoth formed some 3 billion years ago when the Red Planet was peppered with volcanoes spewing vast quantities of magma across the Martian planes. [30], Patera (pl. That makes them the youngest volcanic features yet discovered on Mars. The Elysium volcanic complex is about 2,000 kilometers in diameter and consists of three main volcanoes, Elysium Mons, Hecates Tholus, and Albor Tholus. Three enormous volcanoes, Ascraeus Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Arsia Mons (collectively known as the Tharsis Montes), sit aligned northeast–southwest along the crest of the bulge. Most active volcanoes on Earth occur in long, linear chains along plate boundaries, either in zones where the lithosphere is spreading apart (divergent boundaries) or being subducted back into the mantle (convergent boundaries). By Drew MacFarlane October 29, 2018. Olympus Mons is the youngest and tallest large volcano on Mars. The age and morphology of the tholi provide strong evidence that the tholi represent the summits of old shield volcanoes that have been largely buried by great thicknesses of younger lava flows. Mars Interior Layered Deposits and Terrestrial Sub-Ice Volcanoes Compared: Observations and Interpretations of Similar Geomorphic Characteristics, in, "An Ancient Meteorite Is The First Chemical Evidence of Volcanic Convection on Mars", "Martian Landform Observations Fill Special Journal Issue", "NASA Rover's First Soil Studies Help Fingerprint Martian Minerals", "NASA Scientists Discover Unexpected Mineral on Mars", "A Suite of Features – Mars Odyssey Mission THEMIS", "Martian Methane Reveals the Red Planet is not a Dead Planet", "Mars Volcanoes Possibly Still Active, Pictures Show", "NASAs Proposed 'InSight' Lander would Peer to the Center of Mars in 2016", "Signs of Recent Volcanic Eruption on Mars Hint at Habitats for Life - Not thought to be volcanically active, Mars may have experienced an eruption just 53,000 years ago", "Evidence for geologically recent explosive volcanism in Elysium Planitia, Mars", "Hydrovolcanic tuff rings and cones as indicators for phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions on Mars", "UCLA scientist discovers plate tectonics on Mars", "Structural analysis of the Valles Marineris fault zone: Possible evidence for large-scale strike-slip faulting on Mars", "New Map Provides More Evidence Mars Once Like Earth", "Magnetic properties of separated mineral phases in unoxidized and oxidized Icelandic basalts", http://news.stanford.edu/pr/93/93/206Arc3014.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volcanism_on_Mars&oldid=991810691, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 1 December 2020, at 23:02. However, this only applies if the bomb travels along a direct trajectory, something very unlikely to occur. Volcanism is a principal way that planets release their internal heat. The Martian lithosphere does not slide over the upper mantle (asthenosphere) as on Earth, so lava from a stationary hot spot is able to accumulate at one location on the surface for a billion years or longer. The Hawaiian Islands are in a straight line, with the youngest in the south and the oldest in the north. Its summit is 21 km above datum (Mars "sea" level) and has a central caldera complex consisting of six nested calderas that together form a depression 72 x 91 km wide and 3.2 km deep. It is widely thought of as a potential biomarker. The elongated "water … Sheet flows show complex, overlapping flow lobes and may extend for many hundreds of kilometers from their source areas. This magnetism is lost only if the rock is subsequently heated above the Curie temperature, which is 770 °C for pure iron, but lower for oxides such as hematite (approximately 650 °C) or magnetite (approximately 580 °C). The magnetometer on MGS discovered 100 km wide stripes of magnetized crust running roughly parallel for up to 2000 km. At shallower depths in the crust, the lithostatic pressure on the magma body decreases. The Martian stripes are wider, much more strongly magnetized, and do not appear to spread out from a middle crustal spreading zone. “The only two locatable Marsquakes detected by InSight were sourced from the Cerberus Fossae region, supporting the possibility that this region remains magmatically active today,” says the team. Consequently, eruptions on Mars are less frequent than on Earth, but are of enormous scale and eruptive rate when they do occur. “The Cerberus Fossae mantling unit is interpreted to be the youngest volcanic product discovered on Mars to date,” says Horvath and colleagues. [23] Averaging 7–10 km above datum (Martian "sea" level), Tharsis contains the highest elevations on the planet. The team studied this region using visible light images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and thermal infrared images from the Mars Odyssey spacecraft. Pavonis Mons, the middle volcano, has two nested calderas with the smaller one being almost 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) deep. The volcano is 1200 km in diameter but only 2 km high. Arsia Mons, the southernmost of the group, has a large summit caldera that is 130 kilometres (81 mi) across and 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) deep. At that time the temperature of the molten iron in the planet's core might have been high enough to mix it into a magnetic dynamo. Alleged Volcanic Eruption on Mars Sparks NASA Cover-Up Conspiracy. “Melting of ground ice and hydrothermal circulation could generate favorable conditions for recent or even extant habitable environments in the subsurface,” says Horvath and colleagues. The 2018 study focused on an area at Mars' south pole called the Planum Australe, or Southern Polar Plain. [64] Finally, when a volcano erupts under an ice sheet, it can form a distinct, mesa-like landform called a tuya or table mountain. However, these are only generalizations. In addition to the large shield volcanoes, Tharsis contains a number of smaller volcanoes called tholi and paterae. The volcano is distinctly conical in profile, leading some to call it a stratocone;[40] however, given the predominantly low slopes, it is probably a shield. First, some background. Now that view may have to change thanks to the work of David Horvath at the University of Arizona in Tucson and colleagues. [71], Mars' volcanic features can be likened to Earth's geologic hotspots. If one counts these widespread flow fields, the volcano stretches an immense 2000 km north–south and 3000 km east–west, making it one of the most areally extensive volcanic features in the Solar System. It is located 1200 km northwest of the Tharsis Montes, just off the western edge of the Tharsis bulge. [19] (See hot spot.) Geomorphologic evidence suggests that the highland patera were produced through a combination of lava flows and pyroclastics from the interaction of magma with water. At an average speed of 2 miles/s, a volcanic bomb that made its escape would have to travel at least about 800 days, or little more than 2 years. [66][67][68] There is another line of evidence that suggests this region could still be active. Olympus Mons may be "as young as 200 million years. This behemoth formed some 3 billion years ago when the Red Planet was peppered with volcanoes spewing vast quantities of magma across the Martian planes. As a shield volcano, it has an extremely low profile with shallow slopes averaging between 4–5 degrees. Olympus Mons, the largest volcano on Mars. [51] Flow features include both sheet flow and tube- and channel-fed flow morphologies. [18] In July 2015, the same rover identified tridymite in a rock sample from Gale Crater, leading scientists to believe that silicic volcanism might have played a much more prevalent role in the planet's volcanic history than previously thought.[22]. The study showed that Mars’ volcanoes were seeping lava at a seriously slow pace: The volcano that formed the nakhlites grew 1,000 times slower than volcanoes do on Earth. [35][36] The interaction of ice with molten rock can produce distinct landforms. On Earth, methane is produced by volcanoes but also by algae and cows farting. The flow is believed to have been emplaced turbulently over the span of several weeks and thought to be one of the youngest lava flows on Mars. [62] Also, phreatomagmatism produce tuff rings or tuff cones on Earth and existence of similar landforms on Mars is expected too. [72] The giant shield volcanoes are younger, formed between 1 and 2 billion years ago. [13] On Earth, basaltic magmas commonly erupt as highly fluid flows, which either emerge directly from vents or form by the coalescence of molten clots at the base of fire fountains (Hawaiian eruption). [70] The magnetism left in rocks is a record of the magnetic field when the rock solidified. The reduced pressure can cause gases (volatiles), such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, to exsolve from the melt into a froth of gas bubbles. [32][33][34] Most geological models suggest that Alba Mons is composed of highly fluid basaltic lava flows, but some researchers have identified possible pyroclastic deposits on the volcano's flanks. The three Tharsis Montes are about 700 kilometres (430 mi) apart. These flows have a broken platey texture, consisting of dark, kilometer-scale slabs embedded in a light-toned matrix. The origin of the channels is unknown; they have been atrributed to lava, ash flows, or even water from snow or rainfall. Studies involving the regional gravity field suggest a solidified magma chamber at least 5 km thick lies under the surface. Israeli scientists go 'backward in time' by successfully reversing ageing by 25 years [15] If a magma body on Mars is to reach close enough to the surface to erupt before solidifying, it must be big. They are rich in iron and magnesium (mafic) minerals and commonly dark gray in color. The huge shield volcano Olympus Mons lies off the main bulge, at the western edge of the province. In Volcanoes: Global Perspectives, Lockwood & Hazlett go even further (emphasis mine): Unlike Earth’s Moon, volcanic activity may be far from over on Mars. (Source: NASA), The Cerberus Fossae region is 1,700 kilometers from NASA's InSight lander (Source: arxiv/abs/2011.05956), Science Board Game Reviews: Wingspan, Terraforming Mars, Endangered, and Neanderthal, Hovering, Flying and Hopping Across the Solar System, Mars 2020 Launch: NASA's Perseverance Rover Ready for Journey to the Red Planet, China Successfully Launches Its First Mars Rover to the Red Planet. The dikes may have fractured the cryosphere, releasing large volumes of ground water to form the channels. They have been attributed to rafted slabs of solidified lava floating on a still-molten subsurface. Olympus Mons, the Mars Volcano Let's get started! Add food coloring to make the dough brown, if you like. Eruption at Lewotolo Volcano. Mysterious Mars cloud reappears to haunt a volcano on the red planet. Your website access code is located in the upper right corner of the Table of Contents page of your digital edition. These styles are also common on Mars, but the lower gravity and atmospheric pressure on Mars allow nucleation of gas bubbles (see above) to occur more readily and at greater depths than on Earth. As a consequence, Martian basaltic volcanoes are also capable of erupting large quantities of ash in Plinian-style eruptions. Like the tholi, the Tharsis paterae probably represent the tops of larger, now buried shield volcanoes. [52] Lava flows can form a lava tube when the exposed upper layers of lava cool and solidify to form a roof while the lava underneath continues flowing. [14] Plinian eruptions are rare in basaltic volcanoes on Earth where such eruptions are most commonly associated with silica-rich andesitic or rhyolitic magmas (e.g., Mount St. Helens). This arrangement suggests that they were formed by a crustal plate moving over a hot spot. Save 84% off the newsstand price! Because the area with the magnetic stripes is about 4 billion years old, it is believed that the global magnetic field probably lasted for only the first few hundred million years of Mars' life. Activity 2: Eruption! Want it all? Basalts are extrusive igneous rocks derived from the partial melting of the upper mantle. Previous research has hinted at volcanic eruptions on Mars 2.5 million years ago. Conspiracy and speculation erupted across the internet yesterday over an alleged volcanic plume stretching roughly 1,200 miles across the Martian atmosphere. When similar stripes were discovered on Earth in the 1960s, they were taken as evidence of plate tectonics. Since then, Mars has cooled and become much less active. They are very viscous (thick and sticky) and rich in dissolved gases. These stripes alternate in polarity with the north magnetic pole of one pointing up from the surface and the north magnetic pole of the next pointing down. For example, the tallest volcano on Mars, Olympus Mons, is 550 km across and 21 km high. Volcanic activity, or volcanism, has played a significant role in the geologic evolution of Mars. Sign up for our email newsletter for the latest science news. This digital-image mosaic of Mars’ Tharsis plateau shows the extinct volcano Arsia Mons. The Hesperian Period is named after the ridged plains in Hesperia Planum. That has significance for the possibility of liquid water there — and even the potential presence of life. [3][4] Martian volcanic features range in age from Noachian (>3.7 billion years) to late Amazonian (< 500 million years), indicating that the planet has been volcanically active throughout its history,[5] and some speculate it probably still is so today. 1,600-km-diameter Alba Patera (north center) far exceeds any other known volcano in areal extent; it covers eight times the area of Olympus Mons but reaches only about 6 km in height. The western hemisphere of Mars is dominated by a massive volcano-tectonic complex known as the Tharsis region or the Tharsis bulge. Wide view of the Olympus Mons aureole, escarpment and caldera, Wide view of lava flowing over cliff around Olympus Mons, as seen by CTX, Close view of lava moving over cliff around Olympus Mons, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program, Lava flows on Olympus Mons with older and younger flows labeled, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program, MOLA shaded-relief maps showing location of Alba Mons, Alba Mons, located in the northern Tharsis region, is a unique volcanic structure, with no counterpart on Earth or elsewhere on Mars. The nucleation of bubbles causes a rapid expansion and cooling of the surrounding melt, producing glassy shards that may erupt explosively as tephra (also called pyroclastics). At first glance, it wouldn’t seem to be, since no eruptions have ever been observed from any of the numerous volcanoes dotting its desert surface. [38] The Elysium group of volcanoes is thought to be somewhat different from the Tharsis Montes, in that development of the former involved both lavas and pyroclastics. Western part of Jovis Tholus, as seen by THEMIS. The volcano has a central edifice 350 km wide and 1.5 km high with a double caldera complex at the summit. At this point, it may form a magma chamber and spread out laterally into a network of dikes and sills. At various locations around the volcano, immense lava flows can be seen extending into the adjacent plains, burying the escarpment. Your email address is used to log in and will not be shared or sold. [39], Elysium Mons is the largest volcanic edifice in the province. Valles Marineris is a horizontally sliding tectonic boundary that divides two major partial or complete plates of Mars. The Geology of Mars: New Insights and Outstanding Questions in. The latter is about as high as Earth's Mount Everest. The most common form of volcanism on the Earth is basaltic. Erupting magmas may also behave differently on planets with different interior compositions, atmospheres, and gravitational fields. No active volcanoes have been found on Mars, but that doesn't mean we can rule out the possibility of an eruption in the future. However, the largest volcano on the planet, Olympus Mons, is thought to have formed when the plates were not moving. Heavier minerals may crystallize and settle to the bottom of the magma chamber. First, make the “cone” of the volcano Mix 6 cups flour, 2 cups salt, 4 tablespoons cooking oil, and 2 cups of water. In geological terms, that is brand new. Martian volcanoes are more analogous to terrestrial mid-plate volcanoes, such as those in the Hawaiian Islands, which are thought to have formed over a stationary mantle plume. Some researchers speculate that the location of the highland paterae around Hellas is due to deep-seated fractures caused by the impact that provided conduits for magma to rise to the surface. Specifically, a magma chamber formed in the last few hundred years is the only way that that water could've been prevented from freezing. [11] It rises through the lower crust in diapiric bodies that are less dense than the surrounding material. The smaller paterae in Tharsis appear to be morphologically similar to the tholi, except for having larger calderas. If there were an eruption … On November 29, 2020, a powerful eruption at Lewotolo volcano (also called Mount Ile Lewotolok) lofted a plume of ash and gas high into the air over Lembata, an island in Indonesia’s Lesser Sunda Islands. 140 million miles (225 million km) from Earth. [5] Low-relief paterae within the region possess a range of geomorphic features, including structural collapse, effusive volcanism and explosive eruptions, that are similar to terrestrial supervolcanoes. Jul 14, 2017. [57] The authors consider this age makes it possible that Mars is not yet volcanically extinct. These processes alter the composition of the remaining melt, so that any magma reaching the surface may be chemically quite different from its parent melt. Syrtis Major Planum is a vast Hesperian-aged shield volcano located within the albedo feature bearing the same name. The degree and extent to which magmas evolve over time is an indication of a planet's level of internal heat and tectonic activity. Mars' Arsia Mons Volcano Isn't Erupting, Despite Strange Cloud That Seems to Suggest Otherwise. A volcano that had been dormant since 1924 erupted on June 22 and created a plume of smoke so big it … On 17 October 2012, the Curiosity rover on the planet Mars at "Rocknest" performed the first X-ray diffraction analysis of Martian soil. Pavonis Mons is the middle of three volcanoes (collectively known as Tharsis Montes) on the Tharsis bulge near the equator of the planet Mars. Neighboring Biblis and Ulysses tholi (THEMIS daytime IR mosaic). Reference: Evidence for Geologically Recent Explosive Volcanism in Elysium Planitia, Mars : arxiv.org/abs/2011.05956, How the Inca Road System Tied Together an Empire and Facilitated Its Fall, The Origins of Plate Tectonics May Stretch Further Back in Earth's History, We Haven't Discovered "Alaska's Yellowstone". [61] Lava flowing over water-saturated ground can cause the water to erupt violently in an explosion of steam (see phreatic eruption), producing small volcano-like landforms called pseudocraters, or rootless cones. In February of 1942, Mexican farmer Dionisio Pulido thought he heard thunder coming from his cornfield. They both have effusive eruptions which are relatively quiet and basaltic in nature. The largest and most conspicuous volcanoes on Mars occur in Tharsis and Elysium regions. The plume appears to originate from the planet’s supposedly dormant Arsia Mons volcano. The finding implies that Mars’ volcanoes last longer than scientists previously expected. Geologists think one of the reasons that volcanoes on Mars are able to grow so large is because Mars lacks plate tectonics. As the magma rises, it eventually reaches regions of lower density. paterae) is Latin for a shallow drinking bowl. The magma may also assimilate portions of host rock or mix with other batches of magma. An unusual type of flow feature occurs in the Cerberus plains south of Elysium and in Amazonis. Two types of plains are commonly recognized: those where lava flow features are common, and those where flow features are generally absent but a volcanic origin is inferred by other characteristics. Some of the suggested Mars features, like the interior layered deposits in Valles Marineris, are much larger than terrestrial sub-ice volcanoes and approach the size of Hawaiian oceanic volcanoes (Chapman and Tanaka, 2001). Most often, the trajectory before collision with Earth would … Because Mars currently lacks plate tectonics, volcanoes there do not show the same global pattern as on Earth. Volcanic flow features are rare or absent. This line clearly marks a major structural feature in the Martian crust, but its origin is uncertain. The erupted materials consist of molten rock (lava), hot fragmental debris (tephra or ash), and gases. The large shield volcanoes on Mars resemble Hawaiian shield volcanoes. When did the eruption occur? Felsic magmas of andesitic and rhyolitic composition tend to erupt explosively. [2] Scientists have known since the Mariner 9 mission in 1972 that volcanic features cover large portions of the Martian surface. Such an arrangement exists in the Earth's Pacific Ocean as the Hawaiian Islands. The density of impact craters on many of the tholi indicate they are older than the large shields, having formed between late Noachian and early Hesperian times. The tallest mountain on any of the Solar System’s planets is Olympus Mons, a giant extinct volcano on Mars that is some 14 miles (or 21.9 kilometers) high. 2001 Mars Odyssey THEMIS mosaic of Uranius Tholus (upper volcano) and Ceraunius Tholus (lower volcano). [43] It has two calderas, Meroe Patera and Nili Patera. Mars has cooled to a point where it has passed that phase in it geologic history, any recurrence of such events would have to involve a reintroduction of heat which (i am not a … Such activity could have provided the environment, in terms of energy and chemicals, needed to support life forms.[59][60]. The tholi are dome-shaped edifices with flanks that are much steeper than the larger Tharsis shields. In a Plinian eruption, hot ash is incorporated into the atmosphere, forming a huge convective column (cloud). Younger rock does not show any stripes. Mars: Surface and Interior in, Fagents, F.A. The vast Alba Mons (formerly Alba Patera) occupies the northern part of the region. In medium resolution images (100 m/pixel), the surface of the volcano has a fine radial texture due to the innumerable flows and leveed lava channels that line its flanks. Somewhat paradoxically, the lower gravity of Mars also allows for longer and more widespread lava flows. Earlier analysis has hinted at volcanic eruptions on Mars 2.5 million years ago. For example, magma that comes into sudden contact with groundwater or surface water may erupt violently in steam explosions called hydromagmatic (phreatomagmatic or phreatic) eruptions. [58], In November 2020, astronomers reported newly found evidence for volcanic activity, as recently as 53,000 years ago, on the planet Mars. Volcanic eruptions release lots of greenhouse gasses, like carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere. Associated with the channels are widespread sedimentary deposits that may have formed from mudflows or lahars. In the southern hemisphere, particularly around the Hellas impact basin, are several flat-lying volcanic structures called highland paterae[46] These volcanoes are some of the oldest identifiable volcanic edifices on Mars. A study today of the planet’s surface shows possible traces of another form of volcanism – sedimentary volcanism. Citation: Youngest Mars volcanoes could have supported life, researchers find (2017, July 24 ... New research uses satellites to predict end of volcanic eruptions. However a brand new paper suggests an eruption occurred as just lately as 53,000 years in the past in a area referred to as Cerberus Fossae, which might be the youngest identified volcanic eruption on Mars.

High Waist Flared Jeans, Scarlet Pearl Casino Owner, Las Costas Lanzarote Jet2, Hourly Rainfall Data Uk, Bournemouth Football Teams, Jersey Cream Biscuits, Case Western Reserve University Football Stadium, Qpr Forum Masterson, Higuaín Fifa 15, Playstation 5 Best Buy, R Cmd Install From Cran, Colleges Near Merrimack College,